Vitamin C 1000 mg/day for 4-6 weeks if impaired neutrophil function.
If antibiotics fail: trial of pentoxifylline 400 mg TID for 2–6 months (inhibits neutrophil activation).
ONGOING CARE
Follow-Up
See physician if compresses fail.
Monitor for recurrence; may require decolonization.
Diet
No restrictions.
PROGNOSIS
Usually self-limited; heals with or without scarring.
Recurrences often linked to chronic staphylococcal carriage; consider family member screening and mupirocin nasal ointment.
Efficacy of decolonization strategies unclear.
COMPLICATIONS
Scarring.
Bacteremia.
Seeding of infection to valves, joints, or other sites.
REFERENCES
Lin H-S, Lin P-T, Tsai Y-S, et al. Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2(2):CD013099.
Fritz SA, Camins BC, Eisenstein KA, et al. Effectiveness of measures to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with community-associated skin and soft-tissue infections: a randomized trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(9):872-880.
Additional Reading:
Balakirski G, Hischebeth G, Altengarten J, et al. Recurrent mucocutaneous infections caused by PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains: a challenge in clinical practice. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020;18(4):315-322.
Ibler KS, Kromann CB. Recurrent furunculosis—challenges and management: a review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:59-64.
Nowicka D, Grywalska E. Staphylococcus aureus and host immunity in recurrent furunculosis. Dermatology. 2019;235(4):295-305.
CODES
ICD10: L02.92 Furuncle, unspecified
ICD10: L02.12 Furuncle of neck
ICD10: L02.429 Furuncle of limb, unspecified
CLINICAL PEARLS
Pathogens vary by locality; stay updated on local epidemiology.
Small number of furuncles do not require antibiotics unless systemic symptoms or cellulitis.