Salmonella Infection
BASICS
- Definition: Infection with any serotype of Salmonella (gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacilli).
- Clinical syndromes:
- Nontyphoidal gastroenteritis (most common, foodborne)
- Enteric fever (see “Typhoid Fever”)
- Chronic carrier state (>1 year)
- Invasive disease: bacteremia, endovascular infections, focal abscess, osteomyelitis
- At risk: Elderly (>65), infants (<3 mo), immunocompromised (HIV, malignancy), hemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell).
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Incidence:
- Global: ~94 million nontyphoidal cases/year
- US: 1.4 million cases/year, 25,000 hospitalizations, 420 deaths/year
- Peak frequency: July–November
- Second most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in US (after Campylobacter)
ETIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Species: Salmonella enterica (2,500+ serotypes)
- Transmission: ~95% foodborne (undercooked eggs, meat, dairy, produce; contact with reptiles/poultry/human carrier)
- Infection process: Invades ileal/colonic mucosa → inflammation; can enter lymphatics/bloodstream → systemic disease
RISK FACTORS
- Recent travel (underdeveloped nations)
- Consumption of undercooked/contaminated food or unpasteurized dairy
- Contact with reptiles, poultry, or human carriers
- Gastric acid suppression (PPIs, H2 blockers, achlorhydria)
- Recent antibiotics
- Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell), malaria, immunosuppression, chronic granulomatous disease, extremes of age
PREVENTION
- Food safety (cook food thoroughly, refrigerate, hand hygiene)
- Avoid contact with high-risk animals/feces
- CDC tracks outbreaks: CDC Salmonella
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- Gastroenteritis
- Bacteremia
- Osteomyelitis (especially in sickle cell)
- Abscesses (more common with malignancy)
- Reactive arthritis
DIAGNOSIS
History
- Asymptomatic or mild, self-limited gastroenteritis
- Exposure: food/travel/animal contacts
- Onset: 8–72 hr after ingestion; resolves in 4–10 days
- Symptoms: sudden diarrhea (occasionally bloody in children), fever, cramps, headache, myalgias, rarely vomiting
Physical Exam
- Fever, signs of dehydration, abdominal tenderness
- +/- Heme-positive stool, hepatosplenomegaly
Differential
- Viral gastroenteritis
- Other bacterial enteritis (Shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter)
- Pseudomembranous colitis
- IBD
Diagnostic Tests
- Stool culture (indications: severe diarrhea, >1 wk, fever, blood/mucus, outbreak)
- Blood cultures if <3 mo, septicemia/systemic illness, enteric fever, immunocompromised
- Other cultures: CSF in infants, wound/abscess cultures as needed
- Imaging: As indicated for focal infections (CT/MRI)
- Carrier state: Stool cultures >1 year; urine culture possible
- Labs: Fecal leukocytes, nonspecific
- Note: Asymptomatic fecal excretion can persist weeks; follow-up cultures usually not needed unless public health concern.
TREATMENT
General Measures
- Supportive care: Hydration, electrolyte replacement, barrier precautions in hospital
- Avoid antimotility agents if fever/dysentery present
Medications
- Uncomplicated gastroenteritis: Supportive only; NO antibiotics in most healthy patients (can prolong carrier state)
- Antibiotics indicated in:
- Severe diarrhea/high fever/hospitalization
- Infants <3 mo, elderly >50 (esp. >65), immunocompromised, hemoglobinopathy, prosthetic devices
- Invasive/focal disease (bacteremia, abscess)
- Chronic carriage
Adults
- Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd x 1–3 days
- Ciprofloxacin 500–750 mg PO qd x 1–3 days
- Azithromycin 500 mg PO qd x 3 days
- Complicated/bacteremia: fluoroquinolone + ceftriaxone 1–2 g IV qd x 10–14 days
Children
- Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV/IM divided BID x 7–10 days
- Azithromycin 20 mg/kg PO x1, then 10 mg/kg PO qd x 6 days
Carrier state
- Amoxicillin 1 g PO TID x 12 wks, or
- TMP-SMX 160/800 mg PO BID x 12 wks, or
- Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID x 4 wks (or other fluoroquinolone)
- Adjust based on susceptibilities
Localized infection
- Drain abscesses; treat with ≥3 wks antibiotics
ALERT
- Increasing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMX, and fluoroquinolones
- Multidrug-resistant strains common in reptiles (esp. pet reptiles)
- Aztreonam is alternative for unusual resistance/multiple allergies
SURGERY
- Drainage of infected sites; cholecystectomy for chronic carriage with gallstones
ONGOING CARE
- Monitoring: Routine follow-up for complicated/invasive infections
- Carrier state: Some require clearance cultures, esp. food handlers/health workers (local regulation)
DIET
PATIENT EDUCATION
- Hand hygiene, food safety, cook foods thoroughly
- Avoid high-risk animal contact (esp. reptiles) for at-risk groups
PROGNOSIS
- Uncomplicated gastroenteritis: Excellent, self-limited
- Worse prognosis: Infants, elderly, immunocompromised, bacteremia/invasive infection, MDR strains
COMPLICATIONS
- Toxic megacolon, shock
- Abscess, endocarditis, meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis
- Reactive arthritis
ICD-10 CODES
- A02.25 Salmonella pyelonephritis
- A01.02 Typhoid fever with heart involvement
- A01.3 Paratyphoid fever C
CLINICAL PEARLS
- Most nontyphoidal Salmonella causes self-limited diarrhea; supportive care is key.
- Antibiotics only for high-risk or complicated cases.
- Bacteremia/invasive disease requires aggressive treatment.
- Infants, elderly, and immunocompromised are at highest risk for complications.
- Contact with reptiles is a significant source of multidrug-resistant Salmonella.