Uveitis
Basics
Uveitis is inflammation of the uveal tract, comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Types: - Anterior uveitis: Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body (iritis/iridocyclitis) - Intermediate uveitis: Pars planitis - Posterior uveitis: Involves choroid, retina, and optic nerve - Panuveitis: Inflammation of the entire uveal tract Pediatric considerations: Infections, trauma, and psychogenic factors (e.g., stress, depression) are more common.
Epidemiology
- Equal sex distribution except:
- HLA-B27 anterior uveitis: More common in males
- Autoimmune uveitis: More common in females
- Incidence: 17–52 per 100,000/year in developed nations
- Prevalence: 38–714 per 100,000
- Anterior uveitis: 80% of cases (iritis 4× more common than posterior uveitis)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Infectious causes: Viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic
- Immune-mediated: Often linked to systemic autoimmune diseases
- Drug-induced: e.g., rifabutin, bisphosphonates, sulfonamides, immune checkpoint inhibitors
- Masquerade syndromes: Malignancies mimicking inflammation
- Genetic:
- HLA-B27: 50–70% of anterior uveitis cases
- HLA-B51: Behçet disease
Risk Factors
- No specific universal risk factor
Associated Conditions
- Infectious: HSV, HZV, TB, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, CMV, histoplasmosis
- Autoimmune: JIA, AS, Reiter, SLE, sarcoidosis, Behçet, Crohn, UC
- Masquerade syndromes: Lymphoma, leukemia, retinoblastoma
Diagnosis
History
- Symptoms:
- Anterior: acute onset, pain, photophobia, blurred vision
- Intermediate/posterior: bilateral, chronic, floaters, visual loss
Physical Exam
- Requires slit-lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy
- Anterior:
- Conjunctival/ciliary flush
- Keratic precipitates, hypopyon
- Posterior synechiae
- Posterior:
- Macular edema, retinal vasculitis, vitritis
Differential Diagnosis
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma
- Scleritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis
Diagnostic Workup
- Initial labs: CBC, ESR, CRP, ANA, HLA-B27, VDRL, FTA-ABS, Lyme serology, TB screening
- Imaging: Chest X-ray (sarcoidosis, TB), SI joint X-ray (AS)
Treatment
General Measures
- Urgent ophthalmology referral
- Identify and treat underlying cause
Medications
First-line: - Topical corticosteroids: Prednisolone acetate 1% most common - Taper gradually - Avoid in infectious uveitis unless co-treated - Cycloplegics: Atropine 1%, homatropine 5% to reduce pain, prevent synechiae Second-line: - Systemic corticosteroids: Posterior or severe non-infectious uveitis - Intravitreal corticosteroids: Retisert, Yutiq, Ozurdex - Immunosuppressives: - Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, azathioprine - T-cell inhibitors: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus - Alkylators: Cyclophosphamide - Biologics: Adalimumab (FDA-approved); other TNF inhibitors being studied - NSAIDs: Adjunct symptom relief
Referral
- Ophthalmology consult is essential in most cases
Surgery
- Reserved for complications (e.g., glaucoma, cataract, retinal detachment)
Ongoing Care
- Regular follow-up with ophthalmology
- Monitor for systemic disease
- Patient education: eye drop administration, use of sunglasses
Prognosis
- Infectious uveitis: Resolves with pathogen eradication
- Autoimmune uveitis: Often recurrent, needs long-term management
Complications
- Vision loss
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
- Retinal damage
- Synechiae
- Macular edema
- Optic nerve atrophy
References
- Harthan JS, Opitz DL, Fromstein SR, et al. Clin Optom. 2016;8:23–35.
- Burkholder BM, Jabs DA. BMJ. 2021;372:m4979.
- Pleyer U, Neri P, Deuter C. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(6):2265–2281.
- Dick AD et al. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(5):757–773.
Clinical Pearls - Suspect uveitis with eye pain and visual changes - Posterior or recurrent uveitis needs systemic treatment - Always exclude masquerade syndromes and infectious etiologies before corticosteroid therapy