11/13/24, 8\:08 PM Guide | Abdominal pain history

Abdominal pain history

Table of contents

Background

Abdominal pain is a common presentation in general practice and the emergency department. Abdominal pain has a wide
range of potential causes, ranging from mild and self-limiting (e.g. constipation, gastroenteritis) to life-threatening (e.g.
abdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured ectopic pregnancy). When taking a history from a patient with abdominal pain, it is
important to identify serious causes requiring urgent investigation and treatment.

Causes of abdominal pain

Abdominal pain has many causes covering multiple body systems, making it a challenging symptom to assess.
It can be helpful to divide the causes of abdominal pain into acute (or acute-on-chronic) and chronic and then categorise the
causes by body system.
Acute or acute-on-chronic abdominal pain
Causes of acute or acute-on-chronic abdominal pain include\:
Gastrointestinal\: oesophagitis, peptic ulcer (+/- perforation), gastroenteritis, splenic infarction/rupture, appendicitis,
diverticulitis, bowel obstruction/ischaemia/perforation, strangulated or incarcerated
hernia
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic\: biliary colic, cholecystitis, cholangitis, acute hepatitis, acute pancreatitis
Genitourinary\: urinary tract infection, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, testicular torsion, renal colic
Gynaecological\: ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, torsion of ovarian cyst, pelvic in
Vascular\: ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
Other ('medical' causes)\: myocardial infarction (epigastric pain), pneumonia (upper abdominal pain), diabetic ketoacidosis,
herpes zoster, acute porphyria
Chronic abdominal pain
Causes of chronic abdominal pain include\:
Gastrointestinal\: oesophagitis, malignancy (oesophageal, gastric, small bowel, colon), splenomegaly, in
disease, coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic\: malignancy (gallbladder, biliary tree, pancreatic, hepatic), autoimmune liver disorders (e.g.
primary sclerosing cholangitis)
Genitourinary\: chronic prostatitis
Gynaecological\: endometriosis, ovarian cyst(s), ovarian cancer,
Other ('medical causes')\: hypercalcaemia

Opening the consultation

Wash your hands and don PPE if appropriate.
Introduce yourself to the patient, including your name and role.
Con
Explain that you’d like to take a history from the patient.
Gain consent to proceed with history taking.
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General communication skills
It is important you do not forget the general communication skills which are relevant to all patient encounters.
Demonstrating these skills will ensure your consultation remains patient-centred and not checklist-like (just because
you’re running through a checklist in your head doesn’t mean this has to be obvious to the patient).
Some general communication skills which apply to all patient consultations include\:
Demonstrating empathy in response to patient cues\: both verbal and non-verbal.
Active listening\: through body language and your verbal responses to what the patient has said.
An appropriate level of eye contact throughout the consultation.
Open, relaxed, yet professional body language (e.g. uncrossed legs and arms, leaning slightly forward in the chair).
Making sure not to interrupt the patient throughout the consultation.
Establishing rapport (e.g. asking the patient how they are and o
Signposting\: this involves explaining to the patient what you have discussed so far and what you plan to discuss next.
Summarising at regular intervals.

Presenting complaint

Use open questioning to explore the patient’s presenting complaint\:
“ W h a t’ s b r o u g h t y o u i n t o s e e m e t o d a y ?”
“ T e l l m e a b o u t t h e p a i n y o u’ v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c i n g .
”
Provide the patient with enough time to answer and avoid interrupting them.
Facilitate the patient to expand on their presenting complaint if required\:
“ O k , c a n y o u t e l l m e m o r e a b o u t t h a t ?”
“ C a n y o u e x p l a i n w h a t t h a t p a i n w a s l i k e ?”
Open vs closed questions
History taking typically involves a combination of open and closed questions. Open questions are e
consultations, allowing the patient to tell you what has happened in their own words. Closed questions can allow you to
explore the symptoms mentioned by the patient in more detail to gain a better understanding of their presentation.
Closed questions can also be used to identify relevant risk factors and narrow the di

History of presenting complaint

Gather further details about the patient’s abdominal pain using the SOCRATES acronym.
Site
Ask about the location of the abdominal pain\:
“ W h e r e e x a c t l y i s t h e p a i n ?”
“ C a n y o u p o i n t t o w h e r e t h e p a i n i s ?”
The location of a patient’s abdominal pain can indicate the underlying cause\:
Epigastric pain\: oesophagitis, gastritis, myocardial infarction, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis
Right upper quadrant pain\: cholecystitis, cholangitis, biliary colic, hepatitis, duodenal ulcer, pneumonia
Left upper quadrant pain\: splenic pain (enlargement, infarction, rupture)
Right iliac fossa pain\: appendicitis, Crohn’s disease, ectopic pregnancy, renal stone, mesenteric adenitis, torsion of ovarian
cyst
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Left iliac fossa\: diverticulitis, ectopic pregnancy, ulcerative colitis, incarcerated hernia, torsion of ovarian cyst
Flank pain\: renal colic and pyelonephritis
Suprapubic pain\: urinary tract infection, testicular torsion, miscarriage, pelvic in
Causes of abdominal pain by location
Pain originating from abdominal organs (viscera) causes poorly localised visceral pain, as organs have fewer nerve endings.
Patients may report generalised pain in the midline. The location of visceral pain depends on the structures involved\:
Foregut structures (distal oesophagus to the proximal half of duodenum)\: epigastric pain
Midgut structures (distal half of duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon)\: umbilical pain
Hindgut structures (distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anal canal)\: suprapubic pain
In contrast, in
patient will be able to localise the pain well.
Example - acute appendicitis
Classically, appendicitis causes migratory pain starting in the umbilical region before migrating to the right iliac fossa.
Initial in
As the appendix becomes more in
produces localised pain, most often felt in the right iliac fossa.
Onset
Clarify how and when the pain developed\:
“ W h e n d i d t h e p a i n
“ D i d t h e p a i n s t a r t s u d d e n l y o r d e v e l o p g r a d u a l l y ?”
“ W h a t w e r e y o u d o i n g w h e n t h e p a i n s t a r t e d ?”
Sudden onset abdominal pain suggests a serious cause, such as perforation, rupture or torsion of an organ (e.g. ruptured
abdominal aortic aneurysm, perforated peptic ulcer or ruptured ectopic pregnancy).
Onset over hours may suggest an in
Character
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Ask about the speci
“ H o w w o u l d y o u d e s c r i b e t h e p a i n , e .g. b u r n i n g, s t a b b i n g , a c h i n g?”
“ D o e s t h e p a i n c o m e a n d g o , o r i s i t c o n s t a n t ?”
As discussed above, visceral pain causes poorly localised (generalised pain), whereas parietal/somatic pain is well localised.
Colickly pain describes severe waves of pain that come and go. An obstruction in a hollow viscus causes this type of pain.
Causes of colicky pain include\:
Biliary colic (gallstones)
Renal colic (kidney stones)
Bowel obstruction
If a patient describes the abdominal pain as ‘burning’ (dyspepsia), this could suggest gastro-oesophageal re
(GORD) or a peptic ulcer.
Radiation
Ask if the pain moves anywhere else\:
“ D o e s t h e p a i n s p r e a d e l s e w h e r e ?”
Appendicitis often starts as central umbilical pain and then radiates to the right iliac fossa.
It is also important to ask about
Pain radiating through to the back can be a feature of pancreatic pain, peptic ulcer or aortic pathology.
Pelvic pathology, such as ectopic pregnancy, may cause referred pain to the shoulder tip.
Pain from a ruptured AAA or renal colic may radiate to the groin.
Associated symptoms
Ask if there are other symptoms which are associated with the pain\:
“ A r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r s y m p t o m s t h a t s e e m t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a b d o m i n a l p a i n ?”
As abdominal pain has a broad range of causes, patients may have various associated symptoms depending on the system
involved.
Important gastrointestinal symptoms include\:
Fevers/chills/rigors (suggesting an infective cause)
Nausea +/- vomiting
Change in bowel habit (constipation or diarrhoea)
Rectal bleeding (melaena, haematochezia)
Mucus in stool
Mouth ulcers (Crohn's disease)
Reduced appetite
Weight loss
Jaundice
Important urological symptoms include\:
Dysuria
Urinary frequency
Flank pain
Haematuria
Important gynaecological symptoms include\:
Vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Dyspareunia
Other symptoms, depending on the cause of the abdominal pain, may include\:
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Shortness of breath (myocardial infarction, pneumonia)
Chest pain (myocardial infarction, pneumonia)
Polyuria and polydipsia (diabetic ketoacidosis)
Each of these should be explored in more detail if present.
Time course
Clarify the time course of the pain and whether it occurs in discrete episodes or is continuous\:
“ D o e s t h e p a i n c o m e a n d g o , o r i s i t a l w a y s t h e r e ?”
“ H o w l o n g d o e s t h e p a i n l a s t f o r ?”
“ H a s t h e p a i n a l w a y s f e l t t h e s a m e , o r h a s i t c h a n g e d o v e r t i m e ?”
Establishing an accurate time course of the pain can help identify the underlying diagnosis.
Chronic abdominal pain (over weeks to months) is less likely due to an acute in
ectopic pregnancy, myocardial infarction). However, it could still be caused by a serious underlying cause with a more insidious
onset (e.g. malignancy, in
Patients with chronic abdominal pain may present with an acute worsening of their pain related to disease progression or a
complication (e.g. perforated peptic ulcer on the background of GORD,
Patterns of abdominal pain
Exacerbating or relieving factors
Ask if anything triggered the pain and if anything makes it better or worse\:
“ W h a t w e r e y o u d o i n g w h e n t h e p a i n s t a r t e d ?”
“ D o e s a n y t h i n g m a k e t h e p a i n w o r s e ?”
“ D o e s a n y t h i n g m a k e t h e p a i n b e t t e r ?”
Ask if the pain is a
The epigastric pain caused by a gastric ulcer is usually worse when a patient eats, compared to a duodenal ulcer that
worsens when the patient is hungry.
Other examples include\:
Biliary colic\: triggered by eating fatty food
Dyspepsia\: worsened by laying down
Coeliac disease\: triggered by eating gluten
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Endometriosis\: pain varies with the menstrual cycle
Severity
Assess the severity of the pain by asking the patient to grade it on a scale of 0-10\:
“ O n a s c a l e o f 0-1 0 , h o w s e v e r e i s t h e p a i n , i f 0 i s n o p a i n a n d 1 0 i s t h e w o r s t p a i n y o u’ v e e v e r e x p e r i e n c e d ?”
Abdominal pain red
Red
Severe pain
Persistent vomiting
Distended abdomen associated with absolute constipation (suggests bowel obstruction)
Unintentional weight loss
Blood in stool

Ideas, concerns and expectations

A key component of history taking involves exploring a patient’s ideas, concerns, and expectations (often referred to as ICE) to
gain insight into how a patient currently perceives their situation, what they are worried about and what they expect from the
consultation.
The exploration of ideas, concerns and expectations should be
This will help ensure your consultation is more natural, patient-centred, and not overly formulaic.
It can be challenging to use the ICE structure in a way that sounds natural in your consultation, but we have provided several
examples for each of the three areas below.
Ideas
Explore the patient’s ideas about the current issue\:
“ W h a t d o y o u t h i n k t h e p r o b l e m i s ?”
“ W h a t a r e y o u r t h o u g h t s a b o u t w h a t i s c a u s i n g t h e p a i n ?”
“ I t’ s c l e a r t h a t y o u’ v e g i v e n t h i s a l o t o f t h o u gh t , a n d i t w o u l d b e h e l p f u l t o h e a r w h a t y o u t h i n k m i gh t b e go i n g o n .
”
Concerns
Explore the patient’s current concerns\:
“ I s t h e r e a n y t h i n g , i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h a t’ s w o r r y i n g y o u ?”
“ W h a t’ s y o u r n u m b e r o n e c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g t h i s p r o b l e m a t t h e m o m e n t ?”
“ W h a t’ s t h e w o r s t t h i n g y o u w e r e t h i n k i n g i t m i g h t b e ?”
Expectations
Ask what the patient hopes to gain from the consultation\:
“ W h a t w e r e y o u h o p i n g I’ d b e a b l e t o d o f o r y o u t o d a y ?”
“ W h a t w o u l d i d e a l l y n e e d t o h a p p e n f o r y o u t o f e e l t o d a y’ s c o n s u l t a t i o n w a s a s u c c e s s ?”
“ W h a t d o y o u t h i n k m i g h t b e t h e b e s t p l a n o f a c t i o n ?

Summarising

Summarise what the patient has told you about their presenting complaint. This allows you to check your understanding of
the patient’s history and provides an opportunity for the patient to correct any inaccurate information.
Once you have summarised, ask the patient if there’s anything else that you’ve overlooked. Continue to periodically
summarise as you move through the rest of the history.

Signposting

Signposting, in a history taking context, involves explicitly stating what you have discussed so far and what you plan to
discuss next. Signposting can be a useful tool when transitioning between di
provides the patient with time to prepare for what is coming next.
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Signposting examples
Explain what you have covered so far\:
a c h i e v e t o d a y .
”
What you plan to cover next\:
h i s t o r y .
”
“ O k , s o w e’ v e t a l k e d a b o u t y o u r s y m p t o m s , y o u r c o n c e r n s a n d w h a t y o u’ r e h o p i n g w e
“ N e x t I’ d l i k e t o q u i c k l y s c r e e n f o r a n y o t h e r s y m p t o m s a n d t h e n t a l k a b o u t y o u r p a s t m e d i c a l

Systemic enquiry

A systemic enquiry involves performing a brief screen for symptoms in other body systems which may or may not be relevant
to the primary presenting complaint. A systemic enquiry may also identify symptoms that the patient has forgotten to mention
in the presenting complaint.
Deciding on which symptoms to ask about depends on the presenting complaint and your level of experience.
Some examples of symptoms you could screen for in each system include\:
Systemic\: fever, weight loss or gain
Cardiovascular\: chest pain, palpitations
Respiratory\: shortness of breath, cough
Gastrointestinal\: vomiting or diarrhoea, bloating, gastrointestinal blood loss (haematemesis, melaena or fresh rectal
bleeding)
Genitourinary\: polyuria or polydipsia, loin pain, menorrhagia
Neurological\: headache, sensory or visual disturbances
Musculoskeletal\: trauma, limb weakness and joint pain
Dermatology\: rashes, itching

Past medical history

Ask if the patient has any medical conditions\:
“ D o y o u h a v e a n y m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n s ?”
“ A r e y o u c u r r e n t l y s e e i n g a d o c t o r o r s p e c i a l i s t r e gu l a r l y ?”
Ask if the patient has previously undergone any surgery (e.g. abdominal surgery)\:
“ H a v e y o u e v e r p r e v i o u s l y u n d e r g o n e a n y o p e r a t i o n s o r p r o c e d u r e s ?”
“ W h e n w a s t h e o p e r a t i o n / p r o c e d u r e , a n d w h y w a s i t p e r f o r m e d ?”
If the patient does have a medical condition, you should gather more details to assess how well controlled the disease is and
what treatment(s) the patient is receiving. It is also important to ask about any complications associated with the condition,
including hospital admissions.
It is important to know whether the patient has experienced similar episodes of abdominal pain before and, if so, whether they
have sought medical attention. This may be reassuring if they have been investigated and received a diagnosis (e.g. irritable
bowel syndrome).
However, in this situation, it is essential to maintain an open mind about the current presentation. Firstly, they may be presenting
now with a new condition. Secondly, the initial diagnosis may have been incorrect, and you may be able to correct it with the
new information in front of you.
Examples of relevant past medical history
Relevant past medical history for abdominal pain includes\:
Gallstone disease\: patients with gallstones may experience biliary colic or develop a complication (e.g. acute
cholecystitis, pancreatitis)
Liver disease\: patients with cirrhosis are at risk of decompensation
Malignancy\: previous history of bowel cancer, ovarian cancer or other relevant malignancy
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In
Previous abdominal surgery\: can increase the risk of bowel obstruction secondary to adhesions
History of cardiovascular disease\: increases the risk of AAA, bowel ischaemia and myocardial infarction
Hypertriglyceridemia\: increases the risk of pancreatitis
Allergies
anaphylaxis).
Ask if the patient has any allergies and if so, clarify what kind of reaction they had to the substance (e.g. mild rash vs

Drug history

Ask if the patient is currently taking any prescribed medications or over-the-counter remedies\:
“ A r e y o u c u r r e n t l y t a k i n g a n y p r e s c r i b e d m e d i c a t i o n s o r o v e r-t h e-c o u n t e r t r e a t m e n t s ?”
If the patient is taking prescribed or over the counter medications, document the medication name, dose, frequency, form
and route.
Ask the patient if they’re currently experiencing any side e
“ H a v e y o u n o t i c e d a n y s i d e e
“ D o y o u t h i n k y o u r p a i n s t a r t e d a f t e r y o u b e g a n t a k i n g a n y o f y o u r c u r r e n t m e d i c a t i o n s ?”
Medication examples
Relevant medications in the context of abdominal pain may include\:
NSAIDs\: increased risk of peptic ulcer disease, especially in patients not taking gastric protection (e.g. omeprazole)
Ferrous sulfate/fumarate\: can cause gastrointestinal upset (abdominal pain, diarrhoea and constipation)
Opiates (e.g. codeine, morphine)\: cause constipation, particularly in the elderly
Antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin, amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav)\: can cause gastrointestinal side e
pain
DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g. saxagliptin, linagliptin)\: have been associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis
Patients with pre-existing gastrointestinal disease may take medications to manage their condition. For more
information, see our guide to gastrointestinal history taking.

Family history

Ask the patient if there is any family history of gastrointestinal disease.
“ D o a n y o f y o u r p a r e n t s o r s i b l i n g s h a v e h i s t o r y o f b o w e l d i s e a s e ?”
Clarify at what age the disease developed (disease developing at a younger age is more likely to be associated with genetic
factors).
If one of the patient’s close relatives are deceased, sensitively determine the age at which they died and the cause of death\:
“ I’ m r e a l l y s o r r y t o h e a r t h a t , d o y o u m i n d m e a s k i n g h o w o l d y o u r d a d w a s w h e n h e d i e d ?”
“ D o y o u r e m e m b e r w h a t m e d i c a l c o n d i t i o n w a s f e l t t o h a v e c a u s e d h i s d e a t h ?”

General social context
Explore the patient’s general social context including\:
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the type of accommodation they currently reside in (e.g. house, bungalow) and if there are any adaptations to assist them
(e.g. stairlift)
who else the patient lives with and their personal support network
what tasks they are able to carry out independently and what they require assistance with (e.g. self-hygiene, housework,
food shopping)
if they have any carer input (e.g. twice daily carer visits)
Smoking
Record the patient’s smoking history, including the type and amount of tobacco used.
Calculate the number of ‘pack-years’ the patient has smoked for to determine their cardiovascular risk pro
pack-years = [number of years smoked] x [average number of packs smoked per day]
one pack is equal to 20 cigarettes
See our smoking cessation guide for more details.
Alcohol
Record the frequency, type and volume of alcohol consumed on a weekly basis.
See our alcohol history taking guide for more information.
Excessive alcohol use is a risk factor for liver disease and pancreatitis.
Recreational drug use
Ask the patient if they use recreational drugs and if so, determine the type of drugs used and their frequency of use.
Intravenous drug use is a risk factor for hepatitis B and C.
Diet
Ask what the patient’s diet looks like on an average day and if the patient has noticed any food category that triggers or
worsens their symptoms.
A low-
Patients with coeliac disease may report abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea when eating gluten-containing foods. Patients
with biliary colic may report that fatty foods trigger right upper quadrant pain.
Sexual history
If appropriate, ask about the patient’s sexual history\:
Pelvic in
It is important to consider ectopic pregnancy in all female patients of childbearing age
See our guide to taking a sexual history for more details.

Closing the consultation

Summarise the key points back to the patient.
Ask the patient if they have any questions or concerns that have not been addressed.
Thank the patient for their time.
Dispose of PPE appropriately and wash your hands.

Reviewers

Dr Helen Redman
General Practitioner
Dr Lara Stewart
General Practitioner
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References

Patient UK. A b d o m i n a l P a i n . January 2023. Available from\: [LINK]
Patient UK. A c u t e A b d o m e n . August 2019. Available from\: [LINK]
NICE CKS. C h o l e c y s t i t i s . July 2021. Available from\: [LINK]
NICE CKS. C i r r h o s i s . June 2018. Available from\: [LINK]
t h
Boon, NA. Colledge, NR, Walker, BR (eds). D a v i d s o n’ s P r i n c i p l e s & P r a c t i c e o f M e d i c i n e 2 0 E d . Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,
2006
NICE CKS. A p p e n d i c i t i s . M a y 2 0 2 1 . Available from\: [LINK]
Source\: geekymedics.com
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